The aim of this study was to identify, with the use of 31P NMR spectroscopy, organic P species in humic acids (HA) in samples from Oxisol cultivated in chronosequence with sugar cane, pasture and Cerrado. The main forms of P-type found were orthophosphate, monoester-P (phosphate sugars) and P-diester (orthophosphate). The 31P NMR technique proved capable of identifying changes in the areas studied as a function of sugar cane burning time. In areas with 1 and 5 years of burnt cane, a decrease in recalcitrant organic P in humic acids indicated the need for use of P-humic substances for plant nutrition.

O preparo mecânico do solo influencia o seu manejo e danifica a estrutura, diminui a porosidade e a infiltração de água e aumenta o escoamento superficial. Utilizando-se simulador de chuvas, estudaram-se os tratamentos, preparo convencional (PC); semeadura direta em resíduo queimado (SQ); semeadura direta em resíduo dessecado (SD); e semeadura direta tradicional em resíduo dessecado (ST), cultivados, além de um preparo convencional sem cultivo do solo (SC - testemunha) e de um campo nativo (CN), em um Nitossolo Háplico no Planalto Sul Catarinense, entre março de 2001 e fevereiro de 2004, com o objetivo de quantificar o escoamento superficial. Ao milho e feijão se aplicaram três testes de chuva em cada um e à soja cinco testes. Quantificaram-se os tempos de início (TI) e pico (TP) de enxurrada, a taxa constante (TE) e o volume de enxurrada (VE) e o coeficiente C da Equação Racional. Os TI, TP e TE, coeficiente C e VE, foram influenciados pelo preparo e cultivo do solo. O TI e o TP foram menores nos tratamentos PC e SC, enquanto a TE, o coeficiente C e o VE, também foram menores, mas nos tratamentos SD e ST. A TE variou de 18 mm h-1 na ST a 44 mm h-1 no SC, enquanto o coeficiente C variou de 0,29 na ST a 0,71 no SC. A variação do VE foi de 106 m³ ha-1 na ST a 434 m³ ha-1 no SC, na média dos cultivos.

Soil tillage influences soil management and damages structure, reduces the porosity and water infiltration and increases surface runoff. A rotating-boom rainfall simulator was used to investigate the treatments: conventional tillage (CT), no-tillage in burn residue (NB), no-tillage in desiccated residue (ND), and traditional no-tillage in desiccated residue (NT), both cropped, as well as conventional tillage without crop (bare soil - BS), and native pasture treatment (NP), in a Typic Hapludox soil, in the Southern Plateau of Santa Catarina State, Brazil, from March, 2001 to February, 2004, with the objective of quantifying surface runoff. Three simulated rainfall tests were applied in maize and bean crops and five in soybean crop. The surface runoff initial time (IT) and surface runoff peak time (PT), the surface runoff constant rate (RR) and surface runoff volume (RV), and C coefficient of the Rational Equation were quantified. The IT, PT, RR, RV and C coefficient changed with soil tillage treatments and with soil cultivation. The IT and PT were smaller in the CT and BS treatments, while the RR, RV and RC were smaller in ND and NT treatments. The RR changed from 18 mm h-1 in NT to 44 mm h-1 in BS treatments, while the RC changed from 0.29 in NT to 0.71 in BS treatments. The VE varied from 106 m³ ha-1 in ND to 434 m³ ha-1 in BS treatments.

Objetivou-se, com o presente trabalho, investigar as variações de armazenamento de água e da densidade do solo de um Cambissol gleico, em Lugo, Espanha, sob três condições de superfície. A avaliação do teor de água e da densidade do solo no campo foi acompanhada com leituras durante 16 meses, usando-se uma sonda de nêutrons gama. Três condições de superfícies foram estudadas: pastagem (Lolium perenne) com 4 anos; pastagem com 2 anos e solo descoberto. As avaliações foram realizadas nas profundidades de 0,20, 0,30, 0,60 e 1,20 m. Com base nos resultados, concluiu-se que: as condições de superfície proporcionaram diferenças no armazenamento de água, até a profundidade de 0,60 m; as variações de armazenamento de água influenciaram a avaliação da densidade do solo; a superfície com o solo descoberto apresentou menor variação no conteúdo de água armazenada enquanto a superfície com a pastagem de 4 anos mostrou maior variação.

The present work aimed to investigate the soil water storage and bulk density of a Cambisol gleico in Lugo, Spain, with three conditions of soil surface. Thus, the main objective was to study the conservation of the water in the soil. In order to evaluate the soil water content and bulk density, readings were accomplished during 16 months, using a neutron gamma probe under the field conditions. Three plots were used: plot 1 - pasture (Lolium perenne) with 4 years; plot 2 - pasture (Lolium perenne) with 2 years and plot 3 - bare soil. The obtained data at depths of 0.20, 0.30, 0.60 and 1.20 m were discussed. Results show that soil surface conditions were different in the soil water storage until the depth of 0.60 m; the variations of soil water storage influenced the bulk density. Soil water storage variations were lower for the bare soil and higher for the soil surface under 4 year pasture.